Monday, May 25, 2020

Atomic Number 4 Element Facts

Beryllium is the element that is atomic number 4 on the periodic table. It is the first alkaline earth metal, located at the top of the second column or group of the periodic table. Beryllium is a relatively rare element in the universe and not a metal most people have seen in pure form. It is a brittle, steel-gray solid at room temperature. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 4 Element Name: BerylliumElement Symbol: BeAtomic Number: 4Atomic Weight: 9.012Classification: Alkaline Earth MetalPhase: Solid MetalAppearance: White-Gray MetallicDiscovered By:  Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798) Element Facts for Atomic Number 4 The element with atomic number 4 is beryllium, which means each atom of beryllium has 4 protons. A stable atom would have 4 neutrons and 4 electrons. Varying the number of neutrons changes the isotope of beryllium, while varying the number of electrons can make beryllium ions.The symbol for atomic number 4 is Be.Element atomic number 4 was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, who also discovered the element chromium. Vauquelin recognized the element in emeralds in 1797.Beryllium is an element found in beryl gemstones, which include emerald, aquamarine, and morganite. The element name comes from the gemstone, as Vauquelin used beryl as the source material when purifying the element.At one time the element was called glucine and had the element symbol Gl, to reflect the sweet taste of the elements salts. Although the element tastes sweet, it is toxic, so you shouldnt eat it! Inhalation beryllium can cause lung cancer. There is no cure for beryllium disease. Interestingly, not everyon e who is exposed to beryllium has a reaction to it. There is a genetic risk factor that causes susceptible individuals to have an allergic inflammatory response to beryllium ions.Beryllium is a lead-gray metal. It is stiff, hard, and nonmagnetic. Its modulus of elasticity is about a third higher than that of steel.Element atomic number 4 is one of the lightest metals. It has the one of the highest melting points of the light metals. It has exceptional thermal conductivity. Beryllium resists oxidation in air and also resists concentrated nitric acid.Beryllium is not found in pure form in nature, but in combination with other elements. It is relatively rare in the Earths crust, found at an abundance of 2 to 6 parts per million. Trace amounts of beryllium are found in seawater and air, with slightly higher levels in freshwater streams.One use of element atomic number 4 is in the production of beryllium copper. This is copper with the addition of a small amount of beryllium, which makes the alloy  six times stronger than it would be as a pure element.Beryllium is used in x-ray tubes because its low atomic weight means it has a low absorption of x-rays.The element is the main ingredient used to make the mirror for NASAs James Webb Space Telescope. Beryllium is an element of military interest, since beryllium foil may be used in the production of nuclear weapons.Beryllium is used in cell phones, cameras, analytical lab equipment, and in the fine-tuning knobs of radios, radar equipment, thermostats, and lasers. It is a p-type dopant in semiconductors, which makes the element critically important for electronics. Beryllium oxide is an excellent thermal conductor and electrical insulator. The elements rigidity and low weight make it ideal for speaker drivers. However, expense and toxicity limits its use to high-end speaker systems.Element number 4 is produced by three countries at present: the United States, China, and Kazakhstan. Russia is returning to beryllium pro duction after a 20-year break. Extracting the element from its ore is difficult because of how readily it reacts with oxygen. Usually, beryllium is obtained from beryl. Beryl is sintered by heating it with sodium fluorosilicate and soda. The sodium fluoroberyllate from sintering is reacted with sodium hydroxide to form beryllium hydroxide  Beryllium hydroxide is converted to beryllium fluoride or beryllium chloride, from which beryllium metal is obtained by electrolysis. In addition to the sintering method, a melt method may be used to produce beryllium hydroxide. Sources Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 14.48.  Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Humans Are Naturally Born Imperfect - 1680 Words

Humans are naturally born imperfect. I believe we are all created as sinners, and we must make our way to achieve the idea of a perfect human being, whether it take our whole life time, or not. Throughout our life it is within ourselves, to use our free will to make morally good choices in order for us to be considered as perfect. However, along with our free will to make morally good choices in our life, the laws set by our government, and standards expected of by our community help shape us into this perfect human being. Though by the laws, and standards with live amongst in our life, it is not morally right for others, or these laws, and standards to change someone who possesses their own free will to act, and be whom they please. It is within ourselves to choose the morally right choice when it comes to living in a world that functions upon laws, and standards. It is within the government, and communities to set these laws, and standards in such a way, that no matter which good, or â€Å"bad† (less than morally good choice, but not considered unmoral) is chosen by a human, they are still considered perfect. In Utopia, written by Thomas More, we are presented with the commonwealth of Utopia, a small island considered to be the ultimate perfect country on earth. Those who present us with the understanding, and knowledge of this country are known as Raphael Hytholday, Thomas More, and Peter Giles. Hytholday is a world traveler, and philosopher. However, as a world travelerShow MoreRelatedThe Ministers Black Veil And The Scarlet Letter1000 Words   |  4 PagesWitch Trials in Massachusetts. Although Nathaniel hated his uncle for his efforts during the horrific trials, he became obsessed with his ideals of puritanism. Through these ideals he became a anti-transcendentalist; someone who believes that naturally we are born evil and society is the only thing that keeps us from provoking chaos. Therefore, Hawthorne’s novels, The Minister’s Blac k Veil and The Scarlet Letter were both set in puritan towns in the 1600’s, even though he was alive in the 18th centuryRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagestoo far with the human genome project? Do we risk creating children as a medical commodity? Could it ultimately lead to parents demanding genetically-engineered offspring with good looks, intelligence, or athletic abilities? It is my position, from a practical medical perspective, that although this research has much potential, the adverse effects outweigh the positive gains. When this research is used under the motives of cosmetics, it will adversely affect our society and the human race as a wholeRead More Gattaca Essay664 Words   |  3 Pages The story of Vincent shows in Gattaca that there is possibility of beating the genetic engineering system. Vincent is one of the last naturally born babies born into a sterile, genetically enhanced world, where life expectancy and disease likelihood are ascer tained at birth. Myopic and due to die at 30, he has no chance of a career in a society that now discriminates against your genes, instead of your gender, race or religion. Vincent an invalid, dreams of working within Gattaca and making it intoRead MoreTo What Extent Is Conservatism a Philosophy of Imperfection?1675 Words   |  7 PagesConservatism does not have one single viewpoint or stance on human nature or imperfection as Conservatism as a whole encompasses different strands or beliefs within it. For example One Nation conservatives have a different philosophy on human imperfection than New Right conservatives do. One Nation conservatives hold the belief that we as humans are: greedy and have a limited capacity for altruism, a complex mix of emotions and contradictory motivations making us irrational, not totally consistentRead MoreShades of a White Man1206 Words   |  5 Pagesadmirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god.† (Shakespeare) Human s were born pure, humble and humane. Politics, science, conflicts and the innate desire for dominance change who we are, and who we ultimately aspire to be. The culture we are born into, too, affects who we are in a rather dramatic way; it contributes significantly in writing the script of a person’s life. George Orwell was born into a culture of white men, a culture that believes in dominance and superiority,Read MoreComparing John Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pages The formation of government is one of the central themes for both Hobbes and Locke. Whether or not men naturally form a government, or must form a government, is based on man’s basic nature. According to Hobbes, a government must be formed to preserve life and prevent loss of property. According to Locke, a government arises to protect life and property. Governments are born of inequality and formed to administer equality. Hobbes goes into a lot of detail concerning man’s interactions with oneRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Woman1454 Words   |  6 Pagesthat she provides to support her claim that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. Her essay is one that discusses overcoming the ways in which women in her time (18th century) are oppressed and denied their potential; which naturally presents a problem in their household as well as society. The essay is one of the first works of feminist philosophy. The title alone suggests that women have been oppressed, doubted, denied and criticized for a period of time and should be exoneratedRead MoreIndividualism is a particular ideology or social understanding that human beings are the most700 Words   |  3 Pagesis a particular ideology or social understanding that human beings are the most pivotal in nature and that each individual is presumed to pursue his or her own needs and requirements in order to progress according ly. Freedom, respect, equality; these are the values of self-determination and self-reliance which is what individualism is all about. The father of Classical Liberalism, John Locke as cited by Salvadori (1959) once said: Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedomRead MoreThe Evil of Armenian Genocide Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesfind the foundation of our human nature, we must look beyond into our early years where human nature is dug deep into the roots of our history and involvements. About 97 years ago the horrific Genocide of the Armenians took place. Turkey has shown a classic example of the evil that can result by human beings. Millions of Armenians were slaughtered and murdered in front of their family members. The destruction that constantly plays out throughout the world is cuased by human beings. Hsun Tzu would haveRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Religion Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthe billions worldwide. This shows that mankind has and will always seek answers about our origins, life and where we go from here. Western societies versus Eastern contrast greatly from traditions, to rituals and daily life. Humans look for answers to questions naturally in stilled in our minds and one can hope to gap the divide of differences by thinking we are all here together at the same time. Religions of the world have similarities in their belief systems like peace with respect of other

Friday, May 15, 2020

Free Speech A Free Society - 975 Words

Understanding Free Speech in a Free Society The United States Constitution granted citizens of the United States several basic liberties. The Bill of Rights 10 which is amendments guaranteeing basic individual protection such as freedom of speech and of religion–became part of the Constitution in 1791 (history.com). While most rights are accepted and welcomed in colleges and universities, free speech comes with limitations. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances (ushistory.org). With understanding of the First Amendment, one could easily conclude that the amendment protects several basic liberties. Although, many liberties are granted via the First Amendment, free sp eech is one of the most valued and controversial liberties, It is hard to define and often conflicts with other rights. Due to ongoing controversy regarding the â€Å"free speech,† the courts have had to determine and define just what free speech is and what the limits of free speech are. Free speech is not easily defined. Courts have identified three types of free speech, each protected at a different level. (ushistory.org) †¢ Pure speech isShow MoreRelatedFree Speech, Media Regulation And Media And Society1320 Words   |  6 Pageshave come to the conclusion that free speech, media regulation and media and society are very controversial topics. There are many aspects of each that can be agreed or disagreed on. Breaking down each, I am going to analyze what I think about the author’s line of arguments and recommendations, as well as give my own. First, topic is free speech and I am going to start off with the essay written by John Barlow in the book Copy Fights. His opinion on free speech is that it is basic human rightsRead MoreFree Speech : The Benefits Of Freedom Of Speech805 Words   |  4 Pagestime ever conjectured how the term freedom of speech is expressed? Freedom of speech is more than the ordinary everyday concept of the synchronization and harmony of speaking freely. In this response, we will strongly scrutinize origins and benefits regarding free speech, circumstances that may restrict free speech, free speech in Canada and determine protesters objection to Jordan Peterson. Without any hesitation, let us enact the importance of free speech concerning if campus debate should be permittedRead MoreEssay on On the Issue of Hate Speech1193 Words   |  5 PagesAlmost all Americans today have heard of the First Amendment and its protection of free speech. This protection allows a free exchange of ideas among the me mbers of society. Without it, Americans would not be able to voice their criticisms against anything without having a fear of being arrested. However, in the past, the government has limited this fundamental right several times. During World War I, Charles Schenck passed out fliers criticizing the national draft. He was arrested, and the SupremeRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Free Speech1737 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom of Speech can only go so far before it starts to impede the right of the others, and free speech does not come before other people’s given rights.. According to Steven J. Heyman in the article â€Å"Free Speech Has Limits,† freedom of speech comes tied together with respecting the freedom of other and the rights of other people (par. 4). The author goes on to say that cutting off other peoples rights in the name of free speech can be seen as wrongful and can be faced with consequences (parRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech914 Words   |  4 PagesFree Speech Should be Limited Everyone has the right to freedom of speech, but when there is freedom of speech without limits or restrictions, there is no doubt that this will lead to disaster. People will surely benefit if we are able balance between freedom of speech and restrictions to ensure that society can communicate and prosper without anarchy. The first amendment for freedom of speech can be a good thing and a bad thing if left to free. An important lesson that a young woman learned whenRead MoreFree Speech Should Be A Limit1348 Words   |  6 PagesFirst Amendment, because free speech is its own best antidote† (A First Amendment Junkie,19). Free speech is best refuted by itself because if someone doesn’t like a certain opinion, then they can reciprocate their opinion. In order for free speech to be refuted, someone needs to exercise their right of free speech and refute it. Jacoby is writing in the mid-to-late 70s, when the freedom of speech was in debate. Even more so now, people are arguing and misinterpreting free speech in the First AmendmentRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech878 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is a basic fundamental human right. Whether or not on a college campus, people (especially college students) should have the right to speak freely. Everyone does have the right t o speak freely, because it is one of the twenty-seven amendments. Colleges all around the United States are now home to many restrictions on free speech. For example, the idea and use of â€Å"free speech zones† has made its way to colleges everywhere. A â€Å"free speech zone† is a sidewalk sized place where studentsRead MoreStudents Freedom Of Speech949 Words   |  4 PagesStudents’ freedom of speech does not exist in society today. Students do not have rights of freedom of speech because society places stipulations on what students can say and do. Freedom of speech includes words, dress code, and actions. In school and at home, students are encourage to stand up for what they believe in. Apparently standing up for what they believe in does not apply to freedom of speech. Students are future leaders, and freedom of speech is a part of that future. The United StateRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech1689 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Without freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom; and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech.† With this quote in mind, freedom of speech should surely be guaranteed right in a every institution. There are various forms of free speech to powerful speeches at a peaceful protest to a girl posting a selfie. Freedom of speech is the key concept that is basis of every human rig ht. This inherent right should be protected and supported in a place where young

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Mental Illness, Schizophrenia, And Eating Disorders

Like physical illnesses, mental illness is on a scale of severity. Although more than roughly 60 million Americans have some form of a mental illness a small amount actually seek or are given treatment. The statistic most often quoted is that one in four adults and one in five children will have a mental health disorder at some point in their lives. (What is Mental Illness? n.d.). The overall stigma that comes along with a mental disorder is still one of the biggest barriers that prevents those from obtaining treatment or retaining their treatment. â€Å"While there are over 200 classified forms of mental illness, the five (5) major categories of mental illness are: Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia/Psychotic Disorders, Dementias, and Eating Disorders.† (What is Mental Illness? n.d.) We all of come across anxiety in various forms throughout the routine of our day to day activities. However, the mechanisms that regulate anxiety may break down in a wide variety of circumstances, leading to excessive or inappropriate expressions of anxiety. An anxiety disorder may exist if the anxiety experienced is disproportionate to the circumstance, is difficult for the individual to control, or interferes with normal functioning. More than 19 million American adults are affected by an anxiety disorder. Children and adolescents also develop anxiety disorders. People with anxiety disorders also have other physical or mental disorders such as: depression, eating disorders,Show MoreRelatedMental Health And Social Work. Mental Health Social Workers1659 Words   |  7 PagesMental Health and Social Work Mental health social workers provide prevention, remedies, and healing of many mental illnesses, by working with the client as well as their family. This type of social work has been on the rise due to an increase in mental illnesses. Three examples of a mental illness are as follows: schizophrenia, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Those are just a few examples out of many, but with mental illness, you can be sure that a social worker is not farRead MoreParental Mental Illness And Eating Disorders Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesParental Mental Illness and Eating Disorder in Offspring, Bould and other researchers (2015) presented a study which investigated the causal relationship between parental mental illness of specific types and eating disorders in their offspring (p. 383). In addition to the data from a longitudinal record-linkage study of children resided in Stockholm County in Sweden from 2001 to 2007, Bould et al. (2015) used the eating disorder status of the children and their parental mental illness informationRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Health Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesMental health is being successful in doing mental functions resulting in being able to form relationships with other people, getting things done and having the ability to work around problems and stress. Your mental health can affect how you think, act and feel. Over the years of your life, your mental health is shaped by the events that you have experienced such as abuse or trauma. Having a healthy mind is just as important as having a healthy body. Conversely, just like how you can get a diseaseRead MoreThe Psycological Theory Behind The Black Swan1122 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship which would in Psychological terms deal with attachment. There are also theories behind eating disorders and stress which could cause mental disorders and personality disorders. Are mental illnesses and personality disorders the same? Watching the movie with differen t theories in mind, I believe that we can roll all the theories into one and come up with one Psychological illness or diagnoses. First let’s start with a quick plot of â€Å"Black Swan.† Nina is a talented ballet dancerRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 PagesFighting the Stigma of Mental Illness with Information When describing the brain, it can be labeled as many things but not one-dimensional or simplistic. This is an organ that we find hard to understand because, oddly enough, we have a brain that isn’t wired well enough to understand itself. What makes our brain so complex? Is it the billions of neurons or the trillions of synapses that make up all of our mental connections? The three pound mass in your skull is bursting with power. It comes completelyRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigma1178 Words   |  5 Pagesmany a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgrace associatedRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Illness?1726 Words   |  7 Pages SCHIZOPHRENIA Kennya Castro â€Æ' Schizophrenia is a mental illness that plagues about 1 out of every 100 Americans. Despite this fact, most of the general public remains ignorant to the basic pathology of the disease and the mechanisms of identifying and treating it. It is considered by some to be a â€Å"scary† mental illness and is often ignored, when compared to the other equally serious and caustic ones like Generalized Anxiety Disorder (also referred to as GAD), ADHD, and Chronic Depression. ThisRead MoreMental Illness And Theodicy Arguments1063 Words   |  5 PagesMental Illness and Theodicy Arguments Millions of Americans are affected with mental illness each year. Mental illness is very serious disorder and can get worse if left untreated. It can make it difficult for people to cope with everyday life and it can interfere with sleep and eating habits. Mental illness can affect anyone whether it ranges from mood disorders or even anxiety. The cause of mental illness is unknown but chemical imbalances in the body can trigger stress and even trauma, it canRead MoreA Research On Schizophrenia And Anorexia Nervosa1269 Words   |  6 Pagespsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), post-dramatic stress disorder (PTSD), anorexia nervosa, and substance dependence. Even though the review article covers five types of mental disorders, I’m going to focus on schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. Overtime, research has shown a robust relation between the social environment and the prevalence of mental illness. In large western cities, like NYC, there is a higher frequency in those that have schizophrenia, increasedRead MoreAdolescence Is A Special Stage Of Development1685 Words   |  7 Pagespsychophysiological disorders have a few types. The diathesis stress that the genetic predispositions to develop certain illness. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.Some techniques to control stress is personal control, self-efficacy, personal organization and time management. In chapter five the author describe the different types of mental illness, what causes metal illness, the symptoms and treatments of common mental illness,categories of mood disorders, symptoms

Essay on change - 1184 Words

‘If there is no struggle, there is no change’ To guarantee a wholesome, enriching experience of change in the individual it is vital to accept struggle. Facing the struggle can test relationships, introduce unclear perception of ones identity and produce unpredictable situations; though change must be able to transpire to truly create complete development in the individual. Director Ron Howard discovers the unique mind that takes root inside the individual, by overcoming the cruel affects schizophrenia causes and instead welcoming positive change in his film ‘A Beautiful Mind’ (2001). Likewise S.E Hinton reveals the ability of humankind to move forward within erratic moments, deal with rebellion in optimistic ways and embrace new†¦show more content†¦The way we deal with this hopelessness shapes our characteristics, subsequently shaping how we cope with struggle. Change is a purely inevitable process that continuously affects all humankind. The way we deal with this active process carves who we are as people; and how we accept different obstacles, in either positive or negative methods. Hinton arouses a compelling sense of change through investigation of the individual’s identity, Ponyboy, who through visual imagery harmonized with the dejected mood of the persona ‘then there was Soda n’ Darry, all the family I got’ forms a bleak, defenseless sensual image of a tense home life environment, where the unkindest struggle occurs, trying to discover himself rather than being labeled. Extending on, analogy of ‘the soc’s sippin’ on drink’ compared with ‘greasers drippin’ with blood’ shows the comparison between the two social classes, the rich soc’s and the underprivileged greasers’ and how being positioned in a category; just as Howard has placed Nash is into un iversity for the first time, separated by other students, leaving both individuals feeling abandoned, unwelcomed and frail. The hunger to possess ones genuine identity is dense and should be located by theShow MoreRelatedThe Change Of A Change Leader973 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that the change that is to occur has a large part on the strategies that a change leader must use to build employee commitment and buy-in. According to Palmer, Dunford and Akin (2009) â€Å"Getting people to buy-in may depend upon what it is that they are buying into: whether they perceive it as favorable to them and whether the change had been adequately justified to them† (p.302). If it was a small change, it doesn’t take much to get people to buy-in, but if it is a large change it will take someRead MoreChange1738 Words   |  7 PagesCoping with Change Understanding and Coping with Change Change can be difficult for any individual or organization and it can be seen as a threat. An individual that can plan and implement change is better prepared to effectively meet their future stated goals and can move forward in a positive movement when embracing the need for change. â€Å"Is change, changing?†(Rowland Higgs, 2008). A company can then diagnose, plan, and implement changes to see improvements. To understand change and learningRead MoreCaroline And Change : Caroline Or Change1733 Words   |  7 Pages Caroline or Change Caroline or Change was a show that was heavily pushed, which often comes back as a problem, leaving people with expectations not met. This was not the case. From beginning to end the play was filled with tasteful design choices, interesting character choices and impeccable notes that carried farther than expected, evoking some pretty tear jerking moments. The directorial stance in creating it all really worked for the actors while still giving them room to explore their charactersRead MoreThe Change Of Change Management1591 Words   |  7 PagesChange management is tedious and excruciating task, essentially affecting an association s drive towards their goal achievement. What s more shaking is that majority of the change management initiatives drastically fail. We all know that nothing is constant but change and change is inevitable, so in light of this associations need to determine how to effectively adjust and manage change. Change administration is vital ability that every organ ization should possess and that is in alignment withRead MoreLeading As Change Agents : Managing Change812 Words   |  4 PagesDEACONS LEADING AS CHANGE AGENTS. Managing change . If deacons are to be positive agents for change within the life of the church , they must learn to manage change. Change needs to be managed because it strongly impacts the church. Change tests the fellowship of the church. Since change offers opportunity for disagreement, a church finds out the strength of its fellowship when a proposed change comes up for discussion. This is the reason a buildingRead More Change Essay865 Words   |  4 Pages Change is something that is constantly occurring in our lives. Not a single moment goes by when everything in our lives will remain consistent. Indeed, it has become apparent to us that the only thing which in fact survives change, is change itself. Time and experience allows change to eventually reform and alter everything from the way it originally was. From ourselves physically, to those around us emotionally, to the way in which we perceive the entirety of the world everything it eventuallyRead MorePlanning Changes951 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning changes: Why is it important? ââ€" ª Identifying the final aim of the change and communicating it effectively ââ€" ª monitoring the progress of the changes (sponsor/agent and targets) ââ€" ª understanding the change (targets) ââ€" ª identifying lack of infrastructures/staff/training to support changes ââ€" ª setting achievable time frames and goals ââ€" ª setting roles and responsibilities ââ€" ª motivating people within the change ââ€" ª increasing efficiency ââ€" ª increasingRead MoreChange Memo1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous Heraclitus once said, â€Å"The only thing constant is change.† Many of us do not like change due to the uncomfortable feeling of the unknown, we enjoy our routines, or lack of confidence in ourselves. Change is an inevitable force, and affects all people, creatures and things. Organizational development is one miniscule aspect of social, corporate change that I find quite fascinating. I never knew what it was founded upon. After reading Burnes and Cooke’s article on â€Å"The past, present, andRead MoreInnovation and Changes1014 Words   |  5 Pagesday, innovation and change is very important for organizations. Innovation and change are applied in many companies in the world. Innovation is a successful implementation of creative ideas in organization to improve products and services. Change is a difference in the form, quality or condition of an organization over time (Williams amp; McWi lliams 2010). The purpose of this essay is to explain us the compare (differences) and contrast (similarities) between innovation and change. This is also includingRead MoreAn Organization in Change1504 Words   |  7 PagesAn Organization in Change BUS610: Organizational Behavior (MWB1208A) Corey Mullin Instructor: Adrienne Osborne 04/02/2012 Self-reflection sometimes is the best feedback that an individual can receive, and the same is true for an organization. Understanding where an organization sits emerged in an industry often calls for a shake up or changes in methods, practices or even product. The focus is not necessarily what the changes are or is but rather how they are executed, who is affected

Managerial Accounting Domestic Domains

Question: Discuss about the Report for Managerial Accounting of Domestic Domains. Answer: Mission and Vision The mission of Qantas Airlines is to offer excellent travel experience to its customers without compromising with the safety needs and by strictly avoiding discrimination. The mission of Qantas also focuses on the safety and health related aspects of the employees (Qantas, n.d.). The vision of Qantas includes the steps taken by the airways to achieve its mission. Qantas focuses on developing strategies to increase the revenue and reduce costs. The company also intends to give a delightful and long lasting experience to the customers with the expectation to enrich customer satisfaction, which is one of the main agendas of the company. Qantas have always believed in increasing the returns of the shareholders and ensure good performance on behalf of the employees. Qantas always focuses on strictly adhering to its principles of corporate ethics. The strategies of Qantas are always reviewed by the board responsible for corporate governance, which also involves keeping a watch on the proce ss of strategy implementation (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015; Qantas, n.d.). The company is presently aimed to increase its revenue in the international and the domestic domains by offering better services to the customers. It has also launched the Qatans Transformations Program in 2013 that is aimed to increase productivity and promote a good business culture within its internal environment (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016). It also has A-380 in its stock of flights (1Qantas, 2016). It also has a number of subsidiaries in order to ensure adequate control on market shares (2Qantas, 2016). Considering the goals of the company, making the business sustainable is one of the key aspects that falls under the strategies and values of the company. Sustainability comprises of duty towards the society, concern for safety, focus on innovation and taking care for the environment (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015; Qantas Airways Limited, 2016). Means of Listing the Top Level Executives There are certain policies regarding the selection of the CEO and the top-level executives, as followed in Qantas. The Board of Corporate Governance of the company is responsible for appointing the CEO and has the right to remove him/her from the post under applicable company policies. Currently, there are nine directors who are also considered as independent non-executive directors to the company. They are elected by the shareholders of the company and are responsible for keeping a watch on the performance of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and the Executive Management. The power of appointment and dismissal of the Company Secretary also lies totally in the hands of the elected board members (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). According to the governance policies of the company, its directors can be both of Australian origin or an expatriate. However, two-thirds of the members must be from Australia and the chairman should compulsorily be a citizen of Australia. Moreover, the existence of foreign ownership in the company cannot exceed 49%. The independent directors can freely express their views before the board (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). At the time of appointment of new directors, the board does a thorough check of the background of the nominated person(s). It also involves taking help from external consultants in the process of re-appointment. The person(s) selected by means of the board are given appointment letters that lays down the details of the terms and conditions regarding their employment in the company. Even the present directors can apply for the post of directors again, as per the guidelines of the governance policies applied in Qantas. The re-election of the directors is made as per the ASX Listing rules and the Qantas Constitution. After the final selection of the directors, they are required to undergo through an induction programme to get acquainted about the rules of Qantas and the airlines industry in general (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). The managing director, deputy managing director, secretaries and executive director are also appointed by the directors of Qantas. An alternate director can al so be appointed by the directors of Qantas (3Qantas, 2016). It must also be noted in this regard that at present, Qantas is intending to empower the roles of women in the senior level management and has increased the number of women in management to 31.6% in 2015 from 32% in 2014 (Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). The audit committee of Qantas is responsible for assisting them in the areas of financial reporting and auditing tasks, while the board is responsible for appointing the committee. It can thus be stated that most of the members of the committee should be non-executive directors and they should only be independent by nature. This committee shares further responsibilities in appointing new external and internal auditors (3Qantas, 2016). Comparison of Performance Based On Price Charts Figure 1: Share Price Graph Source: (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016) Figure 2: Share Price Chart of 2013 Source: (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016) Figure 3: Share Price Chart of 2014 Source: (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016) Figure 4: Share Price Chart of 2015 Source: (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016) By the end of 2013, the share price of Qantas was AUD 1.10 that gradually increased to AUD 4.00 in 2015. The same trend of growth can also be observed in the volume of shares traded, which was 2,663,575 at the end of 2013 and grew to 5,023,309 by 2015. It can thus be inferred that the share price as well as share volumes of the company have been on the rise since the past 3 fiscal years, which indicates its productive performance in the share market (5Qantas, 2016). Nonetheless, the company had to face challenges to keep its share price stable and growing, despite of a statutory loss of AUD 235 million that further caused a loss of earnings per share (EPS) by AUD 10.6 million dollars to the company (Qantas Airways Limited and Controlled Entities, 2013). In 2014, the company was able to regain its profit of AUD 206 million, which accelerated its share price further. The EPS was also positive and amounted to AUD 9.2 million in 2014 (Qantas Airways Limited and Controlled Entities, 2014). Subsequently, the statutory profit of Qantas was observed to be as high as AUD 688 million in 2015 with its EPS recorded at AUD 31.9 million, which can also be regarded as a possible cause of its rising share price (Qantas Airways Limited and Controlled Entities, 2015). Comments on the Performance of the Company In 2013, Qantas had to incur a loss of $2.84 billion that was more than the anticipated loss, which certainly had increased pressure on the companys leaders. Among the key reasons for the company to bear the loss, it is argued that low demand that persisted in Australia during the year and hike in the oil prices played a crucial role to have caused the losses. In order to mitigate the threats of rising cost constraints to the company, the decision to lay-off jobs and restructuring was adopted by the company (ABC, 2013). In 2014, Qantas was able to enhance its performance as result of the initiatives undertaken to cut costs and following a decline in the price of oil. Requisite financial measures were also applied to pay-off the debts rather than making further investments, which supported the turnaround of the company. This resulted in further rise of its share price by almost 15 % (Smyth, 2014). Considering the performance of Qantas, it can be asserted that its share prices have rose drastically by 2015 as compared to that of 2013. The condition is believed to improve further due to declining oil prices (Morgan, 2015). However, considering the present situation, as on 2016, it can be observed that the share price of the company has fallen by over 14%, which might be owing to the lack of innovation within its services offered. The decision of restraining from increasing the number of flights has gradually led to a reduction in the seat capacity offered by the company, which has in turn increased competitive pressures and might have led to a decline in its share prices (Australian Associated Press, 2016; SBS, 2016). Remuneration of Top Level Executives and Companys Performance Report of CEO and Chairman From a critical perspective, it can be argued that there was a rise in the price of oil to $ 4.52 billion in 2014, accompanied with excess supply as compared to the demand, which caused a steep decline in the earnings falloff the company, amounting to around $550 million. The chairmans report thus states that the amount of loss incurred in 2014 was $646 million, while the company was focusing on planning of strategies with the intent to increase its profits in 2015. A brief introduction about transformation program undertaken in 2013 was also given in the report of the Chairman, published as on 2014. The CEOs report further stresses on the reasons for the losses incurred by the company in 2014 and the strategies adopted to cope with the challenges in the future. It states about the initiatives taken to reduce costs and focus on customer value (Bartholomeusz, 2014; Qantas Airways Limited, 2014). In the annual report of 2015, the Chairman proposes about the strong performance of Qantas to recover from the financial challenges of 2013-14. The company was also asserted to have obtained a benefit from the transformation program, by more than the expected level of $894 million. This was assisted further by a fall in the process of oil and in the value of Australian Dollar, which leveraged foreign investments made to the company. There was focus on reducing the costs, increasing revenues and raises the degree of satisfaction of the customers. The report of the Chairman also reveals about the profit secured by the company to amount as $975 million approximately, in 2014-15. It is revealed that the company has made further investments to purchase aircrafts and build longue to increase its seat capacity (Qantas Airways Limited, 2014). Remuneration The remuneration of the executives of Qantas is decided by the Qantas Remuneration Committee. It includes making decision about the incentives and awards of the CEO, senior executives, executive directors (Qantas Airways Limited, 2016). Considering the case of the top level executives, the remuneration includes three things vis. a vis., base pay, annual incentive and long term incentive, which was certainly increased in 2015, following the profits earned by the company. The table show that remuneration of the executives as on 30 June, 2015. The CEO Allan Joyce had a basic pay of AUD 2,000,000 basic pay on 2015 and a total pay of AUD 6,700,000. Tino La Spina the CFO had a basic pay of AUD 279,000 and a total pay of AUD 676,000. All other members had a total pay of over AUD 500,000 each on 2015. Performance of Qantas The report of the CEO and chairman reveals similar aspects about the companys performances over the past few years. Qantas had to face challenges in 2013-14 that led to huge losses faced by the company, especially due to rising prices of oil and lowered demand among the consumers. In order to cope with the challenge, the management decided to undertake a transformation programme in 2013 that focused cutting jobs, rejecting aircrafts and reducing pay hikes. This further helped the company to revive its condition and witness profits. Comparison of Company Published Reports with Other Reports The comparison of the company published reports and the other reports suggest that Qantas have appropriately taken steps for mitigating the issues it faced. These have helped the company to achieve the mission and vision determined. The transformation programme is one the key initiatives taken to make up for the losses that the company has faced in 2013-14. It also partnered with Emirates to strengthen its domain in the international domain by building a base in Dubai. Conclusions Qantas has a mission to offer good experience to the customers. It also focuses on taking care of the health and safety of its employees. To achieve its mission, the company performs with a well developed vision that focuses on reducing cost, increasing revenue and aligning with the corporate ethics. Considering the case of the listing of the senior level executives, it was observed that the board of corporate governance is responsible for the appointment of the CEO, CFO, company secretary, audit committee, directors, managing directors, deputy managing directors and other executives. The performance of the company is same as depicted by the report of the chairman and the CEO and the other reports published by the company. In 2013-14, the company had faced huge losses and to cope with the problem, Qantas resorted to undertake a transformation programme in 2013. This has in turn resulted in high profits and revival of the airways in 2015. The share price also witnessed a rise, since 2 013 to 2015. However, the price of share again fell in 2016. Summary This study elaborates on the financial and share market performances of Qantas Airways. The study thereby takes into account the three years performance of Qantas, i.e. from 2013 to 2016. From the findings obtained, Qantas had to witness many shortfalls in its strategic performance in 2013, mostly due to external business environment fluctuations, such as oil price rise and fall in consumer demands. It regained stability by the mid of 2014, after incurring a huge loss and taking remedial strategies thereafter. Its growth prospects however remained limited, as the company had to postpone its investment plans that would have secured greater market shares by increasing seat capacity within more aircrafts added to its services. Nonetheless, with aggressive turnaround strategies and restructuring, the company has been able to gain profits for the past two years and hence, is looking forward to implement its expansion plan. References ABC, (2016) As it happened: Qantas announces $2.84 billion loss for 2013-14 financial year, [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-28/live-blog-qantas-announces-full-year-profit-results/5702174 [02 Sep 2016]. Australian Associated Press, (2016) Qantas profit rises to record $1bn on back of overhaul and dip in fuel prices, [Online], Available: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/aug/24/qantas-profit-rises-to-record-1bn-on-back-of-overhaul-and-dip-in-fuel-prices [02 Sep 2016]. Bartholomeusz, S. (2014) Oil price fall a welcome tailwind for Qantas and Virgin, [Online], Available: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/stephen-bartholomeusz/oil-price-fall-a-welcome-tailwind-for-qantas-and-virgin/news-story/0ceb6df9f99165e11b34e5f1bacaae11 [02 Sep 2016]. Morgan, E. (2015) Qantas share price soars to highest price since September 2008 as fuel costs fall, [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-12/qantas-share-price-soars-as-fuel-costs-fall/6464442 [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2013) Consolidated interim financial report, [Online], Available: https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/half-year-results/2013HYResults.pdf [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2014) Qantas annual report 2014, [Online], Available: https://qantas2014.reportonline.com.au/ [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2015) Qantas Annual Report 2015, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2015) Qantas corporate governance statement 2015, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2015CorpGov.pdf [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2016) Company Information, [Online], Available: https://investor.qantas.com/home/?page=about-the-qantas-group [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2016) Remuneration Committee Charter, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/RemunerationCommitteeCharter.pdf [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2016) Share price graph, [Online], Available: https://investor.qantas.com/investors/?page=share-price-and-tools [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2016) Share price history, [Online], Available: https://investor.qantas.com/investors/?page=historical-share-price [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas Airways Limited, (2016) Sustainability, [Online], Available: https://investor.qantas.com/sustainability-and-governance/?page=sustainability [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas, (2016) Subsidiary companies, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/subsidiaries/global/en [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas, (2016) The Qantas story, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/history/global/en [02 Sep 2016]. Qantas, (No Date) Working toward our Vision, [Online], Available: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/BusinessPracticesDocument.pdf [02 Sep 2016]. SBS, (2016) Shares in Qantas have dropped more than 14 per cent after the airline cuts back on flights due to soft demand and confidence, [Online], Available: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2016/04/18/qantas-shares-fall-capacity-cut [02 Sep 2016]. Smyth, J. (2014) Qantas forecasts return to profit, [Online], Available: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5f0f9fdc-7e97-11e4-b83e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4J6D7YzwJ [02 Sep 2016].

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Positive & Normative Accounting Theory Get a Sample Solution

Question: Describe the Report for Positive Normative Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction The positive Accounting theory refers to the theories that help us to explain and predict the accounting practices that have been followed in by the accounting firms and companies. The positive accounting theories tend to consider the events that took place in the world and based on their interpretation, they convert the same into accounting practices. On the other hand, the approach that has been used in case of normative accounting theories is totally different form that to the positive accounting theories. In case of normative accounting theories, the experts based on the event that has taken place, would provide an accounting solution that needs to be followed in this situation. The positive accounting theory will help to predict the reaction which the companies would have at times when a new accounting standard has been introduced in the market. The positive accounting theory will help to understand the accounting policies that will be adopted by the companies. Executive Summary The positive accounting theory provides an understanding about the descriptive behavior of the accountants. In case of the positive accounting theory, the management of the company tends to use the approach related to the adoption of the accounting policies and standards that increases there probability of survival in the industry. For example: For the companies who are engaged into the contract adopting business would select the accounting policies that minimizes their contract cost and maximizes their profits. These theories at the same time provide an inbuilt flexibility to the managers of the organization to choose an accounting standard that best suited and which is in their own interest. The predictions that the managers took place rotate around three hypotheses. Bonus plan hypothesis: The managers of the organization whose bonus is linked with the performance of the company is likely to choose the accounting standards that help the accountants in the company to shift the future profit that company is expected to realize to the current period. Debt covenant hypothesis: The companies who are more likely to violet the debt covenant, is expected to select the accounting standards that help the accountants to shift the future profit that company is expected to realize to the current period. In this case, the company would be saved from violating the debt covenant. Political cost hypothesis: There is something a possibility that company is likely to face some political cost based on the profit they are earning in the current year. Thus in that circumstances, there exist a possibility that the managers adopt an accounting standard that shift the current year profit to future years just to save the coming political cost. High profit may lead to high taxes and sometimes high regulations as well. (Watts, R., Zimmerman, J) On the other hand, the normative accounting theory is more subjective in nature. The approach that has been followed in this case is not based on the observation that has been noted in the based but based on actually how the accounting process should look like. The researchers in case of normative theory tends to adhere to several different approaches that they consider and based on the same they try to reach out to some opinion which can be helped in reaching out to some possible outcome. The normative theory will help in defining the economic future for the investor as well for the company. As a result of this subjective approach has been introduced in accounting. It has been believed by the accounting experts that the positive accounting theory that has been followed in for farming the accounting polices does not help in developing and improving the accounting practices. Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman were among the first accounting experts who worked together and give evidences towards the theory of positive accounting. Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman in their article Towards a positive Theory of the determination of accounting standards have tried to define the attitude of the management towards the accounting standards. Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman through the help of their article has provided some platform that can be helpful in understanding the factors that are in current date being driving the process of setting accounting standards. The size of the company also affects their opinion towards the standards is also been clearly evident from the article that has been written by the authors. They have stated the rela tion that exists between the size of the company and the process of setting up of accounting standards. The authors through their research exercise have highlighted the irregularities that existed in the accounting practices. In addition to all above, they have discussed and analyzed the concepts that are behind the agency theory, contracting cost theory and political cost. The authors were of the view that the result that would come out from the research work will improvise the development of accounting theory. They have shown the direct relationship between the cash flow and the prices of the shares. Positivism as the paradigm has been used by the author for their research relating to this article. However, the use of positivism as their paradigm has been opposed by many researchers. The researchers have a have a strong belief that for understanding the person it is very important to examine the perception they have for their own activities. Factors that affect the management welfare and their decision regarding the consumption of the main resources were like regulatory, tax, political consideration etc. Another main reason for this discomfort was they believe that it is not possible to segregate the social concept from the people in which it exists. Therefore indirectly, these factors affect the accounting standard setting process. The positive accounting theory has been used by the management of the company in order to choose the accounting standards that tends to report low profit and t the same time help to report high cash flow. But at the same time when the bonus and salary payout of the top management is linked to the earnings or performance of the company, in that case they prefer choosing the accounting standard that helps them to transfer the future profit to the current period. In that case, in case of positive accounting theory, the management of the company based on their need and demand of the situation can manipulate the accounting standards. At times of framing the positive accounting theory, the authors tend to base their results on some assumptions. One of them is the definition of users in relation to the theory. The authors had only considered the impact of such adoption of accounting standards on limited users like listed shareholders, government and creditors. There are several other users such as employees, customers, competitors, advisors which have been ignored. Each user has a separate influence on the firm and they impact the decision of choosing an accounting standard. The assumptions that have been taken in case of positive accounting theory are majorly driven by self interest which makes the difficult as the self interest of one might not be same for the other making the things a bit worse. Further, all the action that has been taken in place by the positive theory will drive through the desire of maximization of wealth which as per many other authors turns out to be negative enough. The assumption that has been taken in the policy is that an organization is a group of self interested people who in collection form a corporate. Further, in the theory, the concept of loyalty and morality has been ignored. All these assumptions took the theory away from the basic need of developing and improving the current accounting practices. In case the organization goes in for the positive theory, the method of accounting that has been selected will be explained in base on the opportunistic or efficiency arguments. Further, it has been argued that behind the positive accounting theory there is no scientific data making it difficult for the experts to justify the core reason behind the policy to get accepted by a wide range. Further, many issues has been brought into picture but there does not seems to have any significant development in regards to their improvement. The three hypotheses which have been put in place by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) under the positive accounting theory are: the bonus plan hypothesis, the debt/equity hypothesis and the political cost hypothesis. By looking at the basic study behind this hypothesis, it is evident that these entire hypotheses that have been are self centered. Thus, the management of the company can use the approach of positive amounting theory for their own good. In that case, it becomes very difficult to establish a portal that can be used to develop and improve the accounting practice as in case of positive theory the accounting practices are changes based on the requirement of the companies. On the other hand, the approach that has been used in case of normative accounting theories is totally different form that to the positive accounting theories. In case of normative accounting theories, the experts based on the event that has taken place, would provide an accounting solution that needs to be followed in this situation. It has been stated that the Normative accounting theory should be the only theory that should be utilized instead. The normative accounting theories provides necessary guidance which can be used in making the section for the accounting policies which can be considered appropriate for the management. The normative accounting theories at the same time can be used to make recommendations on the current practices which can be used to deviate and make improvements in the same. The approach that has been followed case of normative accounting theories is different from the positive accounting theory. The normative accounting theories does not look in what is c urrently being happening in the company but based on the theoretical principles in place they provide suggestions to the policy makers about what needs to be done. Normative accounting theories have been considered to be more deductive process as compared to the positive accounting theory. In case of normative theory, the policies tend to be more specific which not the case is in positive accounting theory. For example: Before the financial crisis that occurred all the financial securities that were owned by the banks were accounted in the similar way as we carry out in case of real estates and other assets of the company. As per the policies, the assets do not required to be revalued and no process was there to consider the current market value. But after the financial crisis that took place, the accounting policy was changed and the polices required the assets to be valued at marked to market at times of each financial statements. As result of this approach, the assets were revalu ed and the associated unrealized gain or loss was moved in to the profit and loss account. This has been regarded as a major change which brought change in the accounting policy as result of the being driven by principle. Both the accounting theories are complementary to each other; the weakness of one is complemented by the other. It has been provided that the positive accounting theory tends to be more practical enough and takes decisions based on what is actually being happening whereas the normative accounting theories is more theoretical in nature and they do not get impacted or affected by the day to day practices. In the current market scenario, it is good to be practical in books for selecting the accounting practices but in reality, the situation is no always the same. The accounting approach and the practices cannot be changed based on the change in the day to day practices. The management of the companies considering the present day situation cannot think of making changes in the approach being it is possible that tomorrow the things might be different and the demand of the situation is the same approach that we have followed previously. Thus, in that case it becomes important to consider the theoretical approach as the same will not be changed based on the change in the day to day practices. (Branchmann S) For a company to carry out an effective financial planning, it is important for the management of the company to consider both the normative as well as the positive accounting theory. Although the normative accounting policies have major stake to play and the accounting experts based considers the financial polices based on the normative statements of accounts. But these statements are based on the financial realities that we have noticed through positive accounting practices. The practices that have been followed in positive accounting theories can be used as a foundation for the normative accounting statements. Being the normative accounting theory has its plus points, still the same has been has criticized at some formats. The normative accounting theory is based on some or the other value judgment which makes the things a bit different. Further, the normative accounting theory does not involve any empirical hypothesis testing. (Fool M) Conclusion In case of normative accounting theories, the experts based on the event that has taken place, would provide an accounting solution that needs to be followed in this situation. On the other hand, the positive Accounting theory refers to the theories that help us to explain and predict the accounting practices that have been followed in by the accounting firms and companies. The positive accounting theories tend to consider the events that took place in the world and based on their interpretation, they convert the same into accounting practices. The management of the company can use the approach of positive amounting theory for their own good. In that case, it becomes very difficult to establish a portal that can be used to develop and improve the accounting practice as in case of positive theory the accounting practices are changes based on the requirement of the companies. The normative accounting theories provides necessary guidance which can be used in making the section for the a ccounting policies which can be considered appropriate for the management. The normative accounting theories at the same time can be used to make recommendations on the current practices which can be used to deviate and make improvements in the same. Considering all these points, it is evident that the normative accounting theory tends to be used for developing and improving the accounting practices. However, it cannot be purely stated that normative accounting theory is the only theory that is required but we, at the same time require some glimpse of the positive theory as well to base the normative accounting statements. References Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., (1990), Positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective,The Accounting Review65, 131-156. Watts, R. L. and J. L. Zimmerman, (1978), towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards,The Accounting Review,(January): 112-134. Roychowdhury, S. (2006) Earnings Management through Real Activities Manipulation,Journal of Accounting and Economics42, 335-370. 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